Interactive Pathway: Checkpoint Signaling and DNA Repair
- Checkpoint Signaling and DNA Repair Pathway
- DNA Repair Pathway Poster
- Technical Overview
- Antibodies
- Kits
- Proteins
- Related Products
Overview: Checkpoint Signaling
In mammalian cells the checkpoint response to DNA damage or replication stress regulates cellular processes such as cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA replication. Damaged DNA is detected by sensor proteins and is relayed to downstream effectors leading to cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair processes and apoptotic cell death depending on the context.
Double stranded breaks (DSBs), induced by ionizing radiation for example, is detected by a complex of sensor proteins including g-H2AX, 53BP1, MDC1, BRCA1, and the MRN complex (composed of MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1). Damage signals are then relayed to the central checkpoint mediator, ATM, which in turn activates Chk2 via phosphorylation and subsequent G2 cell cycle arrest.
UV-induced DNA damage and replication stress is detected by an alternative set of sensor proteins including the 911 complex (composed of HUS1, RAD1, RAD9), RAD17 and RAD26, and subsequent signals are relayed to the central checkpoint mediator, ATR, which in turn activates Chk1 and either an inter S phase or G2 cell cycle arrest. Cancer cells often adapt to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents as a means of escaping apoptosis. This adaptive mechanism may include cell cycle arrest and repair of damaged DNA. The checkpoint proteins are important in oncogenesis and, thus, a potential target for cancer therapy.
| Product | Application | Species Reactivity | Cat. No. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-14-3-3 (221-242) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (2.5 µg/ml) Frozen Sections (not recommended) Immunofluorescence (not recommended) Paraffin Sections (not recommended) |
human | PC70 |
| Anti-14-3-3σ (69-81) Rabbit pAb | Paraffin Sections (1:1000, heat pre-treatment required) Frozen Sections (not recommended) Immunoblotting (not recommended) |
human | PC482 |
| Anti-ATM (Ab-1) (13-24) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml, see comments) | human, mouse | PC85 |
| Anti-ATM (Ab-2) Mouse mAb (6B7) | Immunoprecipitation (4 µg) Immunoblotting (not recommended) | human | OP90 |
| Anti-ATM (Ab-3) (819-844) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml, see comments) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg) |
human | PC116 |
| Anti-ATR (Ab-2) (2122-2644) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:2000) | hamster, human, mouse | PC538 |
| Anti-Aurora A Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (0.08 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (5 µl/250 µg total protein) Paraffin Sections (1:250-1:1000) |
human | PC742 |
| Anti-BRCA1 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (MS110) | Frozen Sections (see application reference) Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (see application reference) Immunoprecipitation (see application reference) Paraffin Sections (see application reference) |
human | OP92 |
| Anti-BRCA1 (Ab-2) Mouse mAb (MS13) | Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml, chemiluminescence; see application references) Immunofluorescence (see application references) Immunoprecipitation (see application references) Paraffin Sections (see application references) |
human | OP93 |
| Anti-BRCA1 (Ab-4) Mouse mAb (SD118) | Frozen Sections (2 µg/ml) Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml, see application references) Immunofluorescence (2 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg, see application references) Paraffin Sections (not recommended) |
human | OP107 |
| Anti-BRCA2 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (2B) | Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg) |
human | OP95 |
| Anti-BRCA2 (Ab-2) (3245-3418) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (2 µg/ml) Paraffin Sections (see application references) | human | PC146 |
| Anti-Cdc25A Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000-1:10,000) Immunoprecipitation (1-4 µl) |
human | PC733 |
| Anti-Cdc25B (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (DCS.162.2) | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Frozen Sections (not recommended) Paraffin Sections (not recommended) |
human, mouse (weakly) | CC25 |
| Anti-Cdk2, C-Terminal (283-298) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:250, colorimetric) Immunoprecipitation (1:250) | human, mouse, rat | 219443 |
| Anti-Chk1 (1-474) Sheep pAb | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) | human | PC423 |
| Anti-Chk2 (Ab-2) Mouse mAb (2CHK01) | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (see comments) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg/mg protein lysate) |
human | CC44 |
| Anti-H2AX Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:5000-1:15,000) Immunoprecipitation (5-20 µg/mg protein from lysate) |
human, mouse | DR1016 |
| Anti-Histone Deacetylase 1 (467-482) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (0.5 µg/ml) Immunocytochemistry (2 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (1 µg/ml) Immunohistochemistry (0.2 µg/ml) |
canine, hamster, human, mouse, rat | PC544 |
| Anti-hMre-11 Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (1 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/reaction) |
human, mouse, rat | PC388 |
| Anti-MLH1 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (14) | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Paraffin Sections (10 µg/ml, heat pre-treatment required) |
human, not mouse | NA28 |
| Anti-MLH1 (Ab-2) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) | human, mouse | PC56 |
| Anti-NBS1 Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000-1:10,000) Immunoprecipitation (1-4 µg/mg protein from lysate) |
human | DR1033 |
| Anti-NFBD1/MDC1 Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:5000-1:25,000) Immunoprecipitation (2-4 µg/mg lysate) |
human | DR1018 |
| Anti-Nibrin Rabbit pAb | ELISA (1:16,000) Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunoprecipitation (1 µl/500 µg cell extract) |
human | PC634 |
| Anti-p21WAF1 (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (EA10) | Flow Cytometry (2 µg/ml or use Cat. No. OP64F; see application references) Frozen Sections (5 µg/ml or use Cat. No. OP64F) Immunoblotting (1-3 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (1-5 µg/ml or use Cat. No. OP64F) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg/sample) Paraffin Sections (5 µg/ml or use OP64F; heat pre-treatment required; see comments and application references) |
human, not mouse, not rat | OP64 |
| Anti-p21WAF1 (Ab-3) Mouse mAb (DF10) | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg/sample) |
human, not mouse, not rat | OP68 |
| Anti-p21WAF1 (Ab-4) Mouse mAb (65) | Immunoblotting (3 µg/ml, chemiluminescence) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg/sample) |
mouse, rat | OP76 |
| Anti-p21WAF1 (Ab-6) Mouse mAb (22) | Frozen Sections (not recommended) Immunoblotting (3 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/ml) Paraffin Sections (not recommended) |
human, mouse, rat | OP79 |
| Anti-p38 MAP Kinase (341-360) Rabbit pAb | Flow Cytometry (1:25) Immunoblotting (1:1000) Paraffin Sections (1:50, heat pretreatment required, see comments) |
human, mouse, rat | 506123 |
| Anti-p38 δ Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000) | human, monkey, mouse, rat | ST1077 |
| Anti-p38/SAPK 2a Mouse mAb (20B11) | ELISA (0.05 µg/ml) Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml, colorimetric; 0.1 µg/ml, chemiluminescence) |
human, mouse | 559322 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-11) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (PAb1802) | Immunoblotting (2.5 µg/ml, chemiluminescence, see application references) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/reaction, see comments, see application references) Frozen Sections (not recommended) Immunofluorescence (not recommended) Paraffin Sections (not recommended) |
human, mouse | OP104L |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-12) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (DO-7) | Frozen Sections (1-2 µg/ml) Immunoblotting (1-2 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (0.5 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg/mg lysate) Paraffin Sections (1-2 µg/ml) |
bovine, human, monkey | OP140 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-1) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (PAb421) | Frozen Sections (10 µg/ml, see application references) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (10 µg/ml, see application references) Immunofluorescence (1-20 µg/ml, see application references) Flow Cytometry (1-20 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 μg per sample, see application references) |
human, monkey, mouse, rabbit, rat | OP03 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-1) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (PAb421) | Frozen Sections (10 µg/ml, see application references) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (10 µg/ml, see application references) Immunofluorescence (1-20 µg/ml, see application references) Flow Cytometry (1-20 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg per sample, see application references) |
human, monkey, mouse, rabbit, rat | OP03L |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-1) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (PAb421) Fluorescein Conjugate | Flow Cytometry (1-20 µg/ml) Frozen Sections (10 µg/ml, see application references) Gel Shift (use Cat. No. OP03L) Immunoblotting (use Cat. No. OP03 or OP03L, see application references) Immunofluorescence (1-20 µg/ml, see application references) Immunoprecipitation (use Cat. No. OP03 or OP03L, see application references) |
human, monkey, mouse, rabbit, rat | OP03F |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-2) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (PAb1801) | Frozen Sections (5 µg/ml) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (2.5 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/sample) Paraffin Sections (5 µg/ml, pepsin, trypsin, or heat pre-treatment required) |
human, not mouse, not rat | OP09L |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-2) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (PAb1801) | Frozen Sections (5 µg/ml) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (2.5 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/sample) Paraffin Sections (5 µg/ml, pepsin, trypsin, or heat pre-treatment required) |
human, not mouse, not rat | OP09 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-3) (Mutant) Mouse mAb (PAb240) | Flow Cytometry (1-20 µg/ml) Frozen Sections (10 µg/ml) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (5 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (1-20 µg/ml, see application references) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg per sample) Paraffin Sections (see application references) |
not <i>Xenopus</i>, bovine, chicken, hamster, human, mouse, rat | OP29 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-3) (Mutant) Mouse mAb (PAb240) | Flow Cytometry (1-20 µg/ml) Frozen Sections (10 µg/ml) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (5 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (1-20 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg per sample) Paraffin Sections (see application references) |
not <i>Xenopus</i>, bovine, chicken, hamster, human, mouse, rat | OP29L |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-4) (Wild type) Mouse mAb (PAb246) | Immunocytochemistry (1-20 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/sample) Paraffin Sections (1-5 µg/ml, heat pre-treatment required) Immunoblotting (not recommended) |
not human, mouse, rat | OP32 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-4) (Wild type) Mouse mAb (PAb246) | Immunoblotting (not recommended) Immunocytochemistry (1-20 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/sample) Paraffin Sections (1-5 µg/ml, heat pre-treatment required) |
not human, mouse, rat | OP32L |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-5) (Wild type) Mouse mAb (PAb1620) | Frozen Sections (see applications references) Immunoblotting (not recommended) Immunofluorescence (1-20 μg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (1 μg per sample) Paraffin Sections (5 μg/ml, heat pre-treatment required) |
bovine, human, mouse, primate, rat | OP33 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-6) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (DO-1) | Frozen sections (1 µg/ml; see application references) Immunoblotting (0.1-1 µg/ml; see application references) Immunocytochemistry (1-2.5 µg/ml; see application references) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/ml or use Cat. No. OP43A; see application references) Paraffin sections (1 µg/ml, pepsin, heat or pressure cooker pre-treatment required; see application references) |
feline, human, not mouse, not rat | OP43 |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-6) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (DO-1) | Frozen sections (1 µg/ml; see application references) Gel Shift (see comments) Immunoblotting (0.1 µg/ml; see application references) Immunocytochemistry (1-2.5 µg/ml; see application references) Immunoprecipitation (1 µg/ml or use Cat. No. OP43A; see application references) Paraffin sections (1 µg/ml, pepsin, heat or pressure cooker pre-treatment required; see application references) |
feline, human, not mouse, not rat | OP43L |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-6) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (DO-1) Agarose Conjugate | Affinity Chromatography (see comments) Immunoprecipitation (15 µl beads/sample; see application references) |
feline, human, not mouse, not rat | OP43A |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-6) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (DO-1) Fluorescein Conjugate | Flow Cytometry (1-2.5 µg/ml) Frozen Sections (see application references) Immunoblotting (use Cat. No. OP43, OP43L, or OP43T; see application references) Immunocytochemistry (see application references) Immunofluorescence (1-2.5 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (use Cat. No. OP43, OP43L, OP43T, or OP43A; see application references) Paraffin Sections (see application references) |
feline, human, not mouse, not rat | OP43F |
| Anti-p53 (Ab-8) (Pantropic) Mouse mAb (BP53.12) | Frozen Sections (10 µg/ml) Immunoblotting (0.5 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (2.5 µg/sample) Paraffin Sections (10 µg/ml, pepsin or heat pre-treatment required) | human, not mouse, primate, not rat | OP73 |
| Anti-p53 Binding Protein 1 (Ab-1) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:3000-1:5000) Immunofluorescence (1:300-1:500, indirect) Immunoprecipitation (1:300-1:500) |
human, mouse | PC712 |
| Anti-p53 Binding Protein 1 Mouse mAb (BP13) | Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunocytochemistry (1:300) Immunoprecipitation (1:100) |
human, not mouse | DR1003 |
| Anti-PCNA (247-261) (Ab-5) Rabbit pAb | Immunoprecipitation (1:250-1:1000) | human | PC474 |
| Anti-PCNA (Ab-1) Mouse mAb (PC10) | Immunoblotting (2.5 µg/ml) Immunofluorescence (1-5 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (not recommended with unconjugated antibody, see comments) Paraffin Sections (2.5 µg/ml, no pre-treatment required, see comments) |
human, mouse, rat, yeast, zebrafish | NA03 |
| Anti-Plk1 (8-21) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Paraffin Sections (1-2 µg/ml, heat pre-treatment required) Immunofluorescence (not recommended) |
human | PC382 |
| Anti-PP2A/A (7-19) (PR65) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:500) Immunocytochemistry (1:500) |
mammalian | 539509 |
| Anti-PP2A/Bα (14-27) (PR55) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:500, see comments, see application references) Immunocytochemistry (1:500) |
mammalian | 539521 |
| Anti-PP2A/Bγ, N-Terminal (53-66) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:500-1:1000) Immunoprecipitation (see comments) | rat | 539546 |
| Anti-PP2A/C (298-309) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:500) Immunocytochemistry (1:500) |
mammalian | 539525 |
| Anti-Rad50 Mouse mAb (2C6) | Immunoblotting (0.5-2 µg/ml, chemiluminescence) Immunoprecipitation (see comments) | human | 552140 |
| Anti-Rad51 (Ab-1) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:2500) Immunoprecipitation (40 µl/500µg total protein from lysate) Immunocytochemistry (1:500) |
human, mouse, rat | PC130 |
| Anti-Rad51 (Ab-2) Mouse mAb (51RAD01) | Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml) Immunoprecipitation (2 µg/mg lysate) Paraffin Sections (2-4 µg/ml) |
human, mouse, rat | NA71 |
| Anti-SMC1 Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000-1:10,000) Immunofluorescence (1:200-1:800) Immunoprecipitation (1-4 µl/sample) |
human | PC737 |
| BRCA1, Wild-Type, His•Tag®, Human, Recombinant, S. frugiperda | 203659 | ||
| p21WAF1 ELISA Kit | human | QIA18 | |
| p53 Antibody Sampler Kit | Immunoblotting (see characteristics below) Paraffin Sections (see characteristics below) Frozen Sections (see characteristics below) Immunoprecipitation (see characteristics below) Immunofluorescence (see characteristics below) |
a broad range of species | ASK07 |
| p53, MDM-2 Binding Domain, N-Terminal 17-26, Cell-Permeable | 506136 | ||
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-ATM (pSer¹98¹) Mouse mAb (10H11.E12) | Immunoblotting (0.5 µg/ml) Immunocytochemistry (1.5 µg/ml) |
human, mouse | DR1002 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-BRCA1 (pSer¹387) Rabbit pAb | ELISA (1:16,000) Immunoblotting (1:1000, see application references) Immunoprecipitation (1 µl/500 µg lysate, see application references) Immunofluorescence (see application references) |
human | PC631 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-BRCA1 (pSer¹423) Rabbit pAb | ELISA (1:16,000) Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunoprecipitation (1 µl/500 µg cell extract) |
human | PC632 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-BRCA1 (pSer¹524) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:500-1:5000) | human | PC732 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-Cdc2 (pTyr¹5) Rabbit pAb | Dot Blot (1:500-1:1000) Immunoblotting (1:500-1:1000) |
rat | 219437 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-Chk1 (pSer3¹7) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunocytochemistry (1:500, fluorescence) Paraffin Sections (1:50) |
human, monkey, mouse, rat | DR1025 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-Chk2 (pThr68) Rabbit pAb | Flow Cytometry (1:25) Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunocytochemistry (1:100) Immunohistochemistry (1:50) Immunoprecipitation (1:200) |
human, monkey | DR1026 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-H2AX (pSer¹39) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:5000-1:15,000) Immunocytochemistry (1:400-1:800) |
human, mouse | DR1017 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p38 MAP Kinase (pThr¹80, pTyr¹82) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunocytochemistry (see comments) |
canine, human, mouse, rat | 506119 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p53 (pSer¹5) (Ab-3) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunoprecipitation (1:200) |
human, mouse, rat | PC386 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p53 (pSer¹5) (Ab-6) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:5000-1:10,000) Paraffin Sections (1:1000-1:3000, heat pre-treatment required) |
human | PC461 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p53 (pSer20) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunocytochemistry (1:1000, colorimetric; 1:200, fluorescence) Immunofluorescence (1:200, indirect) Paraffin Sections (1:50) |
human, mouse | DR1023 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p53 (pSer392) (Ab-4) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000, chemiluminescence) | human, mouse | PC387 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p53 (pSer392) Mouse mAb (9F4) | ELISA (0.05 µg/ml) Immunoblotting (1 µg/ml, colorimetric; 0.1 µg/ml, chemiluminescence) |
human, mouse | 506133 |
| PhosphoDetect™ Anti-p53 (pSer46) Rabbit pAb | Immunoblotting (1:1000) Immunocytochemistry (1:1000, colorimetric) Immunoprecipitation (1:500) |
human | DR1024 |
| Product | Format | Form | Sensitivity | Assay Range | Assay Time | Sample Type | Cat. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K-LISA™ Checkpoint Activity Kit | 96-well plate | 96 Tests | 25 pg (0.018 mU) purified Chk1 | 25-725 µU (Chk1) and 260 µU - 26 mU (Chk2) | 3 h | Cell lysates, tissue extracts, purified enzymes | CBA020 |
| p21WAF1 ELISA Kit | 96-well plate | 96 Tests | 0.1 U/ml | 0.1 - 20 U/ml | 4 h | Cell extracts or tissue culture media | QIA18 |
| p53 ELISA Kit (Pantropic) | 96-well plate | 96 Tests | 10 pg/ml | 93.75 - 1500 pg/ml | Overnight | Cell extracts, tissue extracts, conditioned media, sera, urine | QIA07 |
| p53 ELISAPLUS (Autoantibody) Kit | 96-well plate | 96 Tests | 2.5 h | Serum | QIA53 | ||
| PhosphoDetect™ p53 (pSer¹5) ELISA Kit | 96-well plate | 96 Tests | ≤0.9 units/ml | 1-100 units/ml | 4 h | Cell lysates | CBA009 |
